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    <meta name="description" content="西门子杯       s615 P5口在最上面，P1-P4口在下面，P5口是vlan2，剩下的口是vlan1    3.模块介绍3.1XM408  4.网络参考模型OSI参考模型，TCP&#x2F;IP模型是四层，分别为应用层，传输层，网络层，网络接口层  4.1IP地址的分类 A类地址1-126 B类地址128-191 C类地址192-223   4.2网络掩码子网掩码用32位表示，网络部分全设">
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<meta property="og:description" content="西门子杯       s615 P5口在最上面，P1-P4口在下面，P5口是vlan2，剩下的口是vlan1    3.模块介绍3.1XM408  4.网络参考模型OSI参考模型，TCP&#x2F;IP模型是四层，分别为应用层，传输层，网络层，网络接口层  4.1IP地址的分类 A类地址1-126 B类地址128-191 C类地址192-223   4.2网络掩码子网掩码用32位表示，网络部分全设">
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      <ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%A5%BF%E9%97%A8%E5%AD%90%E6%9D%AF"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">西门子杯</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#3-%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D"><span class="toc-number">1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">3.模块介绍</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#3-1XM408"><span class="toc-number">1.1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">3.1XM408</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#4-%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">4.网络参考模型</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#4-1IP%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80%E7%9A%84%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB"><span class="toc-number">1.2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">4.1IP地址的分类</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#4-2%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%8E%A9%E7%A0%81"><span class="toc-number">1.2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">4.2网络掩码</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#4-3%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86"><span class="toc-number">1.2.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">4.3交换原理</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#4-4%E7%9B%B4%E8%BF%9E%E9%80%9A%E8%AE%AF%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C"><span class="toc-number">1.2.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">4.4直连通讯网络</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-VLAN"><span class="toc-number">1.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">5.VLAN</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#6-%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99"><span class="toc-number">1.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">6.冗余</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#6-1%E5%8D%95%E7%8E%AF%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA"><span class="toc-number">1.4.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">6.1单环冗余理论</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#6-2%E5%8D%95%E7%8E%AF%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5"><span class="toc-number">1.4.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">6.2单环冗余实践</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#6-3%E7%8E%AF%E9%97%B4%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA"><span class="toc-number">1.4.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">6.3环间冗余理论</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#6-4%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E9%A2%98%E7%9B%AE"><span class="toc-number">1.4.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">6.4冗余题目</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#7-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF"><span class="toc-number">1.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">7.路由技术</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#7-1%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80"><span class="toc-number">1.5.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">7.1路由基础</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#7-2%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1"><span class="toc-number">1.5.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">7.2本地路由</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#7-3%E9%9D%99%E6%80%81%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1"><span class="toc-number">1.5.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">7.3静态路由</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#7-4OSPF%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE"><span class="toc-number">1.5.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">7.4OSPF协议</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#7-5%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E9%A2%98%E7%9B%AE"><span class="toc-number">1.5.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">7.5路由题目</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#8-%E7%BB%84%E6%92%AD%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF"><span class="toc-number">1.6.</span> <span class="toc-text">8.组播技术</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#8-1%E7%BB%84%E6%92%AD%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%98%E5%8A%BF"><span class="toc-number">1.6.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">8.1组播的优势</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#8-2%E7%BB%84%E6%92%ADIP%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4"><span class="toc-number">1.6.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">8.2组播IP地址范围</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#8-3IGMP%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE"><span class="toc-number">1.6.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">8.3IGMP协议</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#9-%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C"><span class="toc-number">1.7.</span> <span class="toc-text">9.无线通信网络</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#9-1%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D"><span class="toc-number">1.7.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">9.1无线通信网络介绍</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#9-2%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5"><span class="toc-number">1.7.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">9.2实践</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#9-3%E9%A2%98%E7%9B%AE"><span class="toc-number">1.7.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">9.3题目</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#10-%E9%98%B2%E7%81%AB%E5%A2%99"><span class="toc-number">1.8.</span> <span class="toc-text">10.防火墙</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#10-1%E9%98%B2%E7%81%AB%E5%A2%99%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA"><span class="toc-number">1.8.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">10.1防火墙理论</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#10-2%E9%98%B2%E7%81%AB%E5%A2%99%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5"><span class="toc-number">1.8.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">10.2防火墙实践</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#11-NAT%E3%80%81NAPT%E5%92%8CVPN"><span class="toc-number">1.9.</span> <span class="toc-text">11.NAT、NAPT和VPN</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#11-1NAT%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF"><span class="toc-number">1.9.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">11.1NAT技术</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#11-2VPN%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF"><span class="toc-number">1.9.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">11.2VPN技术</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E9%99%84%E5%BD%95%EF%BC%9A"><span class="toc-number">1.10.</span> <span class="toc-text">附录：</span></a></li></ol></li></ol>
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        计算机网络（西门子杯）
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        <span class="p-name" itemprop="name">man虎下山</span>
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    <h3 id="西门子杯"><a href="#西门子杯" class="headerlink" title="西门子杯"></a>西门子杯</h3><p><img src="/develop/imgs/@J%60OPTVIDS%7D%60%7B3Q3O5%5DSW%7DE-16901008943411.png" alt="img"><img src="/develop/source/imgs/%25I4%608VF8BNLEVN%60CIE8%25WE-16895111516882.png" alt="img"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707093943683.png" alt="image-20230707093943683"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707093949534.png" alt="image-20230707093949534"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707094000680.png" alt="image-20230707094000680"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707094007489.png" alt="image-20230707094007489"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707094015696.png" alt="image-20230707094015696"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707094045452.png" alt="image-20230707094045452"></p>
<p>s615 P5口在最上面，P1-P4口在下面，P5口是vlan2，剩下的口是vlan1</p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707094056102.png" alt="image-20230707094056102"> </p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707110137258.png" alt="image-20230707110137258"></p>
<h4 id="3-模块介绍"><a href="#3-模块介绍" class="headerlink" title="3.模块介绍"></a>3.模块介绍</h4><h5 id="3-1XM408"><a href="#3-1XM408" class="headerlink" title="3.1XM408"></a>3.1XM408</h5><p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707113417374.png" alt="image-20230707113417374"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707113333290.png" alt="image-20230707113333290"></p>
<h4 id="4-网络参考模型"><a href="#4-网络参考模型" class="headerlink" title="4.网络参考模型"></a>4.网络参考模型</h4><p>OSI参考模型，TCP&#x2F;IP模型是四层，分别为应用层，传输层，网络层，网络接口层</p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707115729583.png" alt="image-20230707115729583"></p>
<h5 id="4-1IP地址的分类"><a href="#4-1IP地址的分类" class="headerlink" title="4.1IP地址的分类"></a>4.1IP地址的分类</h5><ul>
<li>A类地址1-126</li>
<li>B类地址128-191</li>
<li>C类地址192-223</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707135324899.png" alt="image-20230707135324899"></p>
<h5 id="4-2网络掩码"><a href="#4-2网络掩码" class="headerlink" title="4.2网络掩码"></a>4.2网络掩码</h5><p>子网掩码用32位表示，网络部分全设置1，主机部分全设置0</p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707140118853.png" alt="image-20230707140118853"></p>
<p>主机部分全为0表示某一网段</p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707140301019.png" alt="image-20230707140301019"></p>
<p>主机部分全为1表示子网广播地址</p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707140353063.png" alt="image-20230707140353063"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707140338947.png" alt="image-20230707140338947"></p>
<h5 id="4-3交换原理"><a href="#4-3交换原理" class="headerlink" title="4.3交换原理"></a>4.3交换原理</h5><p>MAC地址是固定的，前三个是厂商的识别号，后三个是设备的识别号，相当于身份证信息，交换机工作在数据链路层，只对MAC地址进行识别，交换机有MAC地址表，<strong>初始的时候是空的</strong>，<strong>当有数据发送的时候，主机A会发送广播到交换机所连接的所有设备上</strong>，并且交换机的MAC地址表会记录这个<strong>接口和对应的MAC地址</strong>，同时由于发送的数据会在广播的时候查找，当广播<strong>的设备查找到的时候就会记录对应的接口和MAC地址，完成MAC地址的记录。</strong>当后面如果再有发送需求的时候就不会广播了，因为之前已经有过记录了</p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707144940063.png" alt="image-20230707144940063"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707144908240.png" alt="image-20230707144908240"></p>
<h5 id="4-4直连通讯网络"><a href="#4-4直连通讯网络" class="headerlink" title="4.4直连通讯网络"></a>4.4直连通讯网络</h5><ul>
<li>字节：数据包大小</li>
<li>时间：响应时间</li>
<li>TTL：存活时间</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707150556227.png" alt="image-20230707150556227"></p>
<h4 id="5-VLAN"><a href="#5-VLAN" class="headerlink" title="5.VLAN"></a>5.VLAN</h4><p>vlan俗称虚拟局域网，是用来逻辑上而非物理上划分网段的，即解决冲突域和广播域的问题，如果两个设备在同一个网段下但不在同一个VLAN下，也是不能进行相互通讯的，<strong>这样子就解决了一个设备发送数据的时候不会广播到每一个局域网的所有设备</strong>，而且划分VLAN后不需要设备在物理上在同一个区域，可以在不同区域中。</p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707172545995.png" alt="image-20230707172545995"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707172555024.png" alt="image-20230707172555024"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707173106409.png" alt="image-20230707173106409"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707173223123.png" alt="image-20230707173223123"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707173309174.png" alt="image-20230707173309174"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707173317781.png" alt="image-20230707173317781"></p>
<p>配置VLAN的时候要设置VLAN桥，就是图中的Base Bridge Mode:设置为802.1Q VLAN Bridge</p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230707181230097.png" alt="image-20230707181230097"></p>
<h4 id="6-冗余"><a href="#6-冗余" class="headerlink" title="6.冗余"></a>6.冗余</h4><h5 id="6-1单环冗余理论"><a href="#6-1单环冗余理论" class="headerlink" title="6.1单环冗余理论"></a>6.1单环冗余理论</h5><p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230710105842483.png" alt="image-20230710105842483"></p>
<p>生成树协议和冗余协议只能选择一个</p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230710110024126.png" alt="image-20230710110024126"></p>
<p>如果需要多个VLAN通过冗余端口，则需要在冗余端口设置可通过的VLAN为M端口</p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230710110801403.png" alt="image-20230710110801403"></p>
<p>如何选择冗余管理器或客户端就完成搭建</p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230710110732198.png" alt="image-20230710110732198"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230710110840790.png" alt="image-20230710110840790"></p>
<h5 id="6-2单环冗余实践"><a href="#6-2单环冗余实践" class="headerlink" title="6.2单环冗余实践"></a>6.2单环冗余实践</h5><p>现要配置如下冗余网络</p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230710111603699.png" alt="image-20230710111603699"></p>
<p>1.首先先把无线网给禁用，然后设置本机的网络地址为192.168.0.100</p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230710111931093.png" alt="image-20230710111931093"></p>
<p>2.打开路由器交换机配置界面（profinet或者，修改对应的IP地址</p>
<p>3.冗余管理器和生成树协议不能同时开启，因此先进入二层里把生成树协议给去掉，然后再到冗余协议里把设置两个端口4，8为冗余端口，同时把该408路由器设置成冗余管理器</p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230710114504965.png" alt="image-20230710114504965"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230710114753893.png" alt="image-20230710114753893"></p>
<p>4.二层的生成树协议默认是关闭的，因此只需要去冗余客户端里把208交换机设置成冗余客户端，然后设置端口号</p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230710115116859.png" alt="image-20230710115116859"></p>
<p>5.然后就可以开始连线，当连线完成的时候，rm指示灯为冗余指示灯，此时应该为常亮状态，p8端口此时闪烁比较快，p4端口闪烁比较慢，说明数据传输是通过p8端口，当拔掉p8端口的时候，p4端口就会闪烁比较快，此时环网发挥作用</p>
<p>此时插拔就无所谓了，要加上vlan才会有明显变化，然后<strong>MRP同理</strong></p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230710115816337.png" alt="image-20230710115816337"></p>
<h5 id="6-3环间冗余理论"><a href="#6-3环间冗余理论" class="headerlink" title="6.3环间冗余理论"></a>6.3环间冗余理论</h5><p>由两个单环组成一个环间冗余，增加更多的连线来保持通讯的稳定性</p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230710140221150.png"></p>
<p>1.跟之前一样先进行单环冗余的配置</p>
<p><img src="/develop/source/imgs/image-20230710140457632.png" alt="image-20230710140457632"></p>
<p>2.设置其中一个单环为环间耦合，即设置408勾线下图的选型，然后令409为备用主交换机，同时设置5号端口为主动端口，一般就会从这个端口传送数据<img src="/develop/../../imgs/image-20230710140553870-16901017094251-16901025106711-16901102070851.png" alt="image-20230710140553870"></p>
<p>3.进行通信测试</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230710140954695-16901017287822-16901025419212-16901102139842.png" alt="image-20230710140954695"></p>
<h5 id="6-4冗余题目"><a href="#6-4冗余题目" class="headerlink" title="6.4冗余题目"></a>6.4冗余题目</h5><p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230710141906391-16901102173584.png" alt="image-20230710141906391"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/../../imgs/image-20230710142136054-16901102203516.png" alt="image-20230710142136054"><br>因为要作为转发端口</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230710142248882-16901102215797.png" alt="image-20230710142248882"></p>
<h4 id="7-路由技术"><a href="#7-路由技术" class="headerlink" title="7.路由技术"></a>7.路由技术</h4><h5 id="7-1路由基础"><a href="#7-1路由基础" class="headerlink" title="7.1路由基础"></a>7.1路由基础</h5><p>路由的作用：以太网交换机工作在数据链路层，用于在网络内进行数据转发。而工厂网络的拓扑结构一般会比较复杂，不同的部门，或者总部和分支可能处在不同的网络中，此时就需要使用路由器或三层交换机来连接不同的网络，<strong>实现网络之间的数据转发</strong>，实现跨网络通讯</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230710145950171-16901102255018.png" alt="image-20230710145950171"></p>
<p><strong>网关</strong>：任何一个IP地址都可以作为网关，数据到路由中通过路由选择进行转发</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230710150031751-16901103391229.png" alt="image-20230710150031751"></p>
<p><strong>下一跳：</strong>就是跳过一个交换机的到达下一个交换机的接口</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230710150326040-169011034045310.png" alt="image-20230710150326040"></p>
<p><strong>路由表</strong>：</p>
<p><img src="/develop/../../imgs/image-20230710150534384-169011034172911.png" alt="image-20230710150534384"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230710150611059-169011034310412.png" alt="image-20230710150611059"></p>
<h5 id="7-2本地路由"><a href="#7-2本地路由" class="headerlink" title="7.2本地路由"></a>7.2本地路由</h5><p>通过交换机实现不同网段的设备通讯</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230710154354264-169011034464213.png" alt="image-20230710154354264"></p>
<p>1.首先如果进行跨网段通讯，需要设置两个vlan端口，同时需要在proto… vlan口开启vlan协议，设置P8口为vlan2</p>
<p>2.因为网关的作用是门的作用，所以要去到其它网段的设备就需要有对应的网关，所以给408和208设置网关为了后续通信</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230710154332815-169011034631314.png" alt="image-20230710154332815"></p>
<p>3.需要在layer3中启动路由功能（Routing）</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230710160546121-169011034789015.png" alt="image-20230710160546121"></p>
<p>4.在subnets中设置子网，vlan2的子网要自己添加，为vlan2设置网关，192.168.2.0这个网段的网关，<strong>路由器的每一个端口都可以有一个IP地址</strong></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230710160844884-169011034940216.png" alt="image-20230710160844884"></p>
<p>5.最后整体效果如下</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230710160949385-169011035133117.png" alt="image-20230710160949385"></p>
<p>6.<img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230710161042372-169011035460718.png" alt="image-20230710161042372"></p>
<p>属于vlan1</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230710161231380-169011035627419.png" alt="image-20230710161231380"></p>
<p>这个时候由于另一台设备的网关是（属于vlan2）</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230710161316276-169011035795620.png" alt="image-20230710161316276"></p>
<h5 id="7-3静态路由"><a href="#7-3静态路由" class="headerlink" title="7.3静态路由"></a>7.3静态路由</h5><p>1.首先先把电脑的ip地址改成192.168.1.100，否则无法连接到路由器上然后更改路由器（IP为192.168.1.xx)的IP地址，如果是直接修改交换机的IP地址则应该不需要在同一个网段下，因为交换机本身是用MAC地址进行识别，所以连接上就能修改</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230710171000256-169011036088321.png" alt="image-20230710171000256"></p>
<p>2.登录408界面并到layer2中新增一个VLAN2，然后把P4端口设置为VLAN2</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230710165151273-169011036288322.png" alt="image-20230710165151273"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230710165249006-169011036535823.png" alt="image-20230710165249006"></p>
<p>3.紧接着是设置路由，然后到子网（subnets)中为vlan2分配一个IP地址，vlan2作为主机1的网关</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230710165431259-169011036664124.png" alt="image-20230710165431259"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230710165308478-169011036779925.png" alt="image-20230710165308478"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230710165501617-169011036943126.png" alt="image-20230710165501617"></p>
<p>最终结果如下：</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230710165902029-16901058188521-169011037070027.png" alt="image-20230710165902029"></p>
<p>4.设置静态路由，目标网络是下一个设备的IP的网络地址，网关是下一跳的端口的IP地址</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230710165832632-169011037230028.png" alt="image-20230710165832632"></p>
<p>5.另一个路由器的配置与前面类似，按步骤操作即可</p>
<p>6.如果无法连通测关闭无线网和防火墙</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230710170909163-169011037379829.png" alt="image-20230710170909163"></p>
<h5 id="7-4OSPF协议"><a href="#7-4OSPF协议" class="headerlink" title="7.4OSPF协议"></a>7.4OSPF协议</h5><p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230710181614746-169011037522530.png" alt="image-20230710181614746"></p>
<h5 id="7-5路由题目"><a href="#7-5路由题目" class="headerlink" title="7.5路由题目"></a>7.5路由题目</h5><p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230711095449127-169011037728531.png" alt="image-20230711095449127"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230711095549550-169011038006832.png" alt="image-20230711095549550"></p>
<h4 id="8-组播技术"><a href="#8-组播技术" class="headerlink" title="8.组播技术"></a>8.组播技术</h4><h5 id="8-1组播的优势"><a href="#8-1组播的优势" class="headerlink" title="8.1组播的优势"></a>8.1组播的优势</h5><p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230711105800551-169011038375733.png" alt="image-20230711105800551"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230711105706709-169011038551834.png" alt="image-20230711105706709"></p>
<h5 id="8-2组播IP地址范围"><a href="#8-2组播IP地址范围" class="headerlink" title="8.2组播IP地址范围"></a>8.2组播IP地址范围</h5><p><strong>组播地址不能作为源地址进行使用</strong>，范围是224-239</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230711105443997-169011038666635.png" alt="image-20230711105443997"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230711105218799-169011038774136.png" alt="image-20230711105218799"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230711105138042-169011038894937.png" alt="image-20230711105138042"></p>
<h5 id="8-3IGMP协议"><a href="#8-3IGMP协议" class="headerlink" title="8.3IGMP协议"></a>8.3IGMP协议</h5><p>IGMP（Internet Group Management Protocol，因特网组管理协议），组成员可以将组消息发送给组播网络，从而让组播网络感知到组成员的位置和所加广播组</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230711105107709-169011039047838.png" alt="image-20230711105107709"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230711104616161-169011039168139.png" alt="image-20230711104616161"></p>
<h4 id="9-无线通信网络"><a href="#9-无线通信网络" class="headerlink" title="9.无线通信网络"></a>9.无线通信网络</h4><h5 id="9-1无线通信网络介绍"><a href="#9-1无线通信网络介绍" class="headerlink" title="9.1无线通信网络介绍"></a>9.1无线通信网络介绍</h5><p>为了解决在有线信道中线路布置复杂和杂乱，为此引入无线信道，无线信道雨哦WPAN（无线个域网—蓝牙），WIFI，WLAN（无线局域网），他们的使用场景和距离都有所不同</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230711152815628-169011039356140.png" alt="image-20230711152815628"></p>
<p><strong>工业无线网和家用无线网的比较：</strong></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230711143417345-169011039549541.png" alt="image-20230711143417345"></p>
<p><strong>接入点是有线和无线的桥梁</strong>，<strong>客户端是与PLC相</strong>连的设备，用于发送信号</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230711143553414-169011039917542.png" alt="image-20230711143553414"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230711141919719-169011040067543.png" alt="image-20230711141919719"></p>
<p>一个信道之间是5MHZ，所以一个2.4GHz的信道大概占4格多一些，而5GHz的信道占4格</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230711142235734-169011040363844.png" alt="image-20230711142235734"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230711142628654-169011040505645.png" alt="image-20230711142628654"></p>
<p>因为无线接入设备无法实现全局域覆盖，而不同设备的切换会出现信号中断，因此需要开启快速漫游</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230711143130028-169011040607346.png" alt="image-20230711143130028"></p>
<p>最后是接入点和客户端使用的天线</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230711145456303-169011040740747.png" alt="image-20230711145456303"></p>
<h5 id="9-2实践"><a href="#9-2实践" class="headerlink" title="9.2实践"></a>9.2实践</h5><p><strong>AP的设置：</strong></p>
<p>1.首先由网络拓扑图知道设备的IP</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230711144823017-169011040837048.png" alt="image-20230711144823017"></p>
<p>2.其次就是设置对应的IP地址</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713091256190-169011040940749.png" alt="image-20230713091256190"></p>
<p>3.选择天线795-4MA</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713091449647-169011041064950.png" alt="image-20230713091449647"></p>
<p>4.在radio界面先设置5ghz，然后选择outdoor mode(增强信号)，然后勾线enable(启动路由功能)</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713091618219-169011041162151.png" alt="image-20230713091618219"></p>
<p>5.AP里Port端口书写SSID</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713091854982-169011041277952.png" alt="image-20230713091854982"></p>
<p>6.然后其它默认选择</p>
<p>7.allowed channels 信道选择149，同时AP里选那种WLAN1为149信道</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713092126766-169011041444853.png" alt="image-20230713092126766"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713092424914-169011041779554.png" alt="image-20230713092424914"></p>
<p><strong>Client的设置</strong>：</p>
<p>其它按照上面匹配的AP进行相同设置</p>
<p>1.天线选择795-4MA</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713092642373-169011041980655.png" alt="image-20230713092642373"></p>
<p>2.MAC Mode默认选择即可，如果是跨VLAN通讯，则选择Layer 2 Tunnel（二层透传模式），SSID和AP设置的SSI进行匹配</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713092749535-169011042108456.png" alt="image-20230713092749535"></p>
<p>3.信道选择默认的149信道，勾选Use Allowed Channel only</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713093103670-169011042235057.png" alt="image-20230713093103670"></p>
<p>4.其它默认</p>
<h5 id="9-3题目"><a href="#9-3题目" class="headerlink" title="9.3题目"></a>9.3题目</h5><p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230711152921245-169011042368958.png" alt="image-20230711152921245"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230711152850990-169011042488559.png" alt="image-20230711152850990"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230711152947010-169011042605460.png" alt="image-20230711152947010"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230711153005572.png" alt="image-20230711153005572"></p>
<h4 id="10-防火墙"><a href="#10-防火墙" class="headerlink" title="10.防火墙"></a>10.防火墙</h4><h5 id="10-1防火墙理论"><a href="#10-1防火墙理论" class="headerlink" title="10.1防火墙理论"></a>10.1防火墙理论</h5><p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713141313098-169011042772961.png" alt="image-20230713141313098"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713141326006-169011042900362.png" alt="image-20230713141326006"><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713141442927-169011042991763.png" alt="image-20230713141442927"><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713141449051-169011043697664.png" alt="image-20230713141449051"></p>
<h5 id="10-2防火墙实践"><a href="#10-2防火墙实践" class="headerlink" title="10.2防火墙实践"></a>10.2防火墙实践</h5><p>1.通信要求，拿到要求后先设置电脑本机的IP地址为192.168.0.100，然后关闭<strong>无线功能和防火墙功能</strong></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713135343832-169011043901165.png" alt="image-20230713135343832"></p>
<p>2.划分VLAN—– 在layer2 vlan 里进行设置</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713135439747.png" alt="image-20230713135439747"></p>
<p>3.在layer 3的subnet中设置vlan2的网关为192.168.0.1</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713135950819.png" alt="image-20230713135950819"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713135856799.png" alt="image-20230713135856799"></p>
<p>4.在security firewall  general 中勾选 activate firewall</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713135522764.png" alt="image-20230713135522764"></p>
<p>5.设置外网到内网(192.168.0.100 to 192.168.1.20)和内网到外网（0.0.0.0 to 0.0.0.0）即不作限制</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713140149954.png" alt="image-20230713140149954"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713135539765.png" alt="image-20230713135539765"></p>
<p>6.进行相互之间的ping测试</p>
<h4 id="11-NAT、NAPT和VPN"><a href="#11-NAT、NAPT和VPN" class="headerlink" title="11.NAT、NAPT和VPN"></a>11.NAT、NAPT和VPN</h4><h5 id="11-1NAT技术"><a href="#11-1NAT技术" class="headerlink" title="11.1NAT技术"></a>11.1NAT技术</h5><p>网络地址转换技术（NAT），主要用于实现位于内部网络的主机访问外部网络的功能。当<strong>局域网内的主机需要访问外部网络时，通过NAT技术可以将私网地址转换成公网地</strong>址，并且多个私网用户可以共用一个网络地址，这样既可以保证网络互通，又节省了公网地址。</p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713161220187.png" alt="image-20230713161220187"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713161638590.png" alt="image-20230713161638590"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713162103568.png" alt="image-20230713162103568"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713162120458.png" alt="image-20230713162120458"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713162131160.png" alt="image-20230713162131160"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713162142191.png" alt="image-20230713162142191"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713162154913.png" alt="image-20230713162154913"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713162207335.png" alt="image-20230713162207335"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713162219060.png" alt="image-20230713162219060"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713162307592.png" alt="image-20230713162307592"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713162318485.png" alt="image-20230713162318485"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713162345367.png" alt="image-20230713162345367"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713162423054.png" alt="image-20230713162423054"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713162434270.png" alt="image-20230713162434270"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713162449972.png" alt="image-20230713162449972"></p>
<h5 id="11-2VPN技术"><a href="#11-2VPN技术" class="headerlink" title="11.2VPN技术"></a>11.2VPN技术</h5><p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713162749691.png" alt="image-20230713162749691"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713162802519.png" alt="image-20230713162802519"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713162853054.png" alt="image-20230713162853054"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713155930555.png" alt="image-20230713155930555"><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713163254548.png" alt="image-20230713163254548"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713163304573.png" alt="image-20230713163304573"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713163313220.png" alt="image-20230713163313220"></p>
<p><img src="/develop/imgs/image-20230713163335516.png" alt="image-20230713163335516"></p>
<h4 id="附录："><a href="#附录：" class="headerlink" title="附录："></a>附录：</h4><ul>
<li>比赛时配置IP和VLAN的时候要把无线网先禁用掉，否则无线网会对配置有影响</li>
<li>如果配置VLAN的时候交换机报错，那么可能是开启了Ring turbo（冗余环功能）—在RIng Redundancy看是不是勾选了</li>
<li>不要将与电脑连接的端口设置成其它vlan，因为只有默认vlan1才能进行设备登录管理</li>
<li>只有vlan1才能直接跟设备进行通信</li>
<li>不可以使用PRONETA修改S615的IP地址。</li>
</ul>

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      <ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%A5%BF%E9%97%A8%E5%AD%90%E6%9D%AF"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">西门子杯</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#3-%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D"><span class="toc-number">1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">3.模块介绍</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#3-1XM408"><span class="toc-number">1.1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">3.1XM408</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#4-%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">4.网络参考模型</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#4-1IP%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80%E7%9A%84%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB"><span class="toc-number">1.2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">4.1IP地址的分类</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#4-2%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%8E%A9%E7%A0%81"><span class="toc-number">1.2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">4.2网络掩码</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#4-3%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86"><span class="toc-number">1.2.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">4.3交换原理</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#4-4%E7%9B%B4%E8%BF%9E%E9%80%9A%E8%AE%AF%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C"><span class="toc-number">1.2.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">4.4直连通讯网络</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-VLAN"><span class="toc-number">1.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">5.VLAN</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#6-%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99"><span class="toc-number">1.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">6.冗余</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#6-1%E5%8D%95%E7%8E%AF%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA"><span class="toc-number">1.4.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">6.1单环冗余理论</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#6-2%E5%8D%95%E7%8E%AF%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5"><span class="toc-number">1.4.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">6.2单环冗余实践</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#6-3%E7%8E%AF%E9%97%B4%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA"><span class="toc-number">1.4.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">6.3环间冗余理论</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#6-4%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E9%A2%98%E7%9B%AE"><span class="toc-number">1.4.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">6.4冗余题目</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#7-%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF"><span class="toc-number">1.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">7.路由技术</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#7-1%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80"><span class="toc-number">1.5.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">7.1路由基础</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#7-2%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1"><span class="toc-number">1.5.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">7.2本地路由</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#7-3%E9%9D%99%E6%80%81%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1"><span class="toc-number">1.5.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">7.3静态路由</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#7-4OSPF%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE"><span class="toc-number">1.5.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">7.4OSPF协议</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#7-5%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E9%A2%98%E7%9B%AE"><span class="toc-number">1.5.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">7.5路由题目</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#8-%E7%BB%84%E6%92%AD%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF"><span class="toc-number">1.6.</span> <span class="toc-text">8.组播技术</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#8-1%E7%BB%84%E6%92%AD%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%98%E5%8A%BF"><span class="toc-number">1.6.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">8.1组播的优势</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#8-2%E7%BB%84%E6%92%ADIP%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4"><span class="toc-number">1.6.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">8.2组播IP地址范围</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#8-3IGMP%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE"><span class="toc-number">1.6.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">8.3IGMP协议</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#9-%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C"><span class="toc-number">1.7.</span> <span class="toc-text">9.无线通信网络</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#9-1%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D"><span class="toc-number">1.7.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">9.1无线通信网络介绍</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#9-2%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5"><span class="toc-number">1.7.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">9.2实践</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#9-3%E9%A2%98%E7%9B%AE"><span class="toc-number">1.7.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">9.3题目</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#10-%E9%98%B2%E7%81%AB%E5%A2%99"><span class="toc-number">1.8.</span> <span class="toc-text">10.防火墙</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#10-1%E9%98%B2%E7%81%AB%E5%A2%99%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA"><span class="toc-number">1.8.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">10.1防火墙理论</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#10-2%E9%98%B2%E7%81%AB%E5%A2%99%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5"><span class="toc-number">1.8.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">10.2防火墙实践</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#11-NAT%E3%80%81NAPT%E5%92%8CVPN"><span class="toc-number">1.9.</span> <span class="toc-text">11.NAT、NAPT和VPN</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#11-1NAT%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF"><span class="toc-number">1.9.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">11.1NAT技术</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#11-2VPN%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF"><span class="toc-number">1.9.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">11.2VPN技术</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E9%99%84%E5%BD%95%EF%BC%9A"><span class="toc-number">1.10.</span> <span class="toc-text">附录：</span></a></li></ol></li></ol>
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